Allocates a new buffer containing the given {str}.
String to store in buffer.
Optional
encoding: BufferEncodingencoding to use, optional. Default is 'utf8'
since v10.0.0 - Use Buffer.from(string[, encoding])
instead.
Allocates a new buffer of {size} octets.
count of octets to allocate.
since v10.0.0 - Use Buffer.alloc()
instead (also see Buffer.allocUnsafe()
).
Allocates a new buffer containing the given {array} of octets.
The octets to store.
since v10.0.0 - Use Buffer.from(array)
instead.
Produces a Buffer backed by the same allocated memory as the given {ArrayBuffer}/{SharedArrayBuffer}.
The ArrayBuffer with which to share memory.
since v10.0.0 - Use Buffer.from(arrayBuffer[, byteOffset[, length]])
instead.
Allocates a new buffer containing the given {array} of octets.
The octets to store.
since v10.0.0 - Use Buffer.from(array)
instead.
Copies the passed {buffer} data onto a new {Buffer} instance.
The buffer to copy.
since v10.0.0 - Use Buffer.from(buffer)
instead.
Readonly
BYTES_The size in bytes of each element in the array.
Readonly
[toReadonly
bufferThe ArrayBuffer instance referenced by the array.
Readonly
byteThe length in bytes of the array.
Readonly
byteThe offset in bytes of the array.
Readonly
lengthThe length of the array.
Static
poolThis is the size (in bytes) of pre-allocated internal Buffer
instances used
for pooling. This value may be modified.
v0.11.3
Compares buf
with target
and returns a number indicating whether buf
comes before, after, or is the same as target
in sort order.
Comparison is based on the actual sequence of bytes in each Buffer
.
0
is returned if target
is the same as buf
1
is returned if target
should come beforebuf
when sorted.-1
is returned if target
should come afterbuf
when sorted.import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf1 = Buffer.from('ABC');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('BCD');
const buf3 = Buffer.from('ABCD');
console.log(buf1.compare(buf1));
// Prints: 0
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf1.compare(buf3));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf2.compare(buf1));
// Prints: 1
console.log(buf2.compare(buf3));
// Prints: 1
console.log([buf1, buf2, buf3].sort(Buffer.compare));
// Prints: [ <Buffer 41 42 43>, <Buffer 41 42 43 44>, <Buffer 42 43 44> ]
// (This result is equal to: [buf1, buf3, buf2].)
The optional targetStart
, targetEnd
, sourceStart
, and sourceEnd
arguments can be used to limit the comparison to specific ranges within target
and buf
respectively.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf1 = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
const buf2 = Buffer.from([5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2, 5, 9, 0, 4));
// Prints: 0
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2, 0, 6, 4));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf1.compare(buf2, 5, 6, 5));
// Prints: 1
ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE
is thrown if targetStart < 0
, sourceStart < 0
,targetEnd > target.byteLength
, or sourceEnd > source.byteLength
.
A Buffer
or Uint8Array with which to compare buf
.
Optional
targetStart: numberThe offset within target
at which to begin comparison.
Optional
targetEnd: numberThe offset within target
at which to end comparison (not inclusive).
Optional
sourceStart: numberThe offset within buf
at which to begin comparison.
Optional
sourceEnd: numberThe offset within buf
at which to end comparison (not inclusive).
v0.11.13
Copies data from a region of buf
to a region in target
, even if the target
memory region overlaps with buf
.
TypedArray.prototype.set()
performs the same operation, and is available
for all TypedArrays, including Node.js Buffer
s, although it takes
different function arguments.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
// Create two `Buffer` instances.
const buf1 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);
const buf2 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26).fill('!');
for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
// 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'.
buf1[i] = i + 97;
}
// Copy `buf1` bytes 16 through 19 into `buf2` starting at byte 8 of `buf2`.
buf1.copy(buf2, 8, 16, 20);
// This is equivalent to:
// buf2.set(buf1.subarray(16, 20), 8);
console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, 25));
// Prints: !!!!!!!!qrst!!!!!!!!!!!!!
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
// Create a `Buffer` and copy data from one region to an overlapping region
// within the same `Buffer`.
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);
for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
// 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'.
buf[i] = i + 97;
}
buf.copy(buf, 0, 4, 10);
console.log(buf.toString());
// Prints: efghijghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
A Buffer
or Uint8Array to copy into.
Optional
targetStart: numberThe offset within target
at which to begin writing.
Optional
sourceStart: numberThe offset within buf
from which to begin copying.
Optional
sourceEnd: numberThe offset within buf
at which to stop copying (not inclusive).
The number of bytes copied.
v0.1.90
Returns the this object after copying a section of the array identified by start and end to the same array starting at position target
If target is negative, it is treated as length+target where length is the length of the array.
Optional
start: numberIf start is negative, it is treated as length+start. If end is negative, it
is treated as length+end. If start is omitted, 0
is used.
Optional
end: numberIf not specified, length of the this object is used as its default value.
Creates and returns an iterator of [index, byte]
pairs from the contents
of buf
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
// Log the entire contents of a `Buffer`.
const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');
for (const pair of buf.entries()) {
console.log(pair);
}
// Prints:
// [0, 98]
// [1, 117]
// [2, 102]
// [3, 102]
// [4, 101]
// [5, 114]
v1.1.0
Returns true
if both buf
and otherBuffer
have exactly the same bytes,false
otherwise. Equivalent to buf.compare(otherBuffer) === 0
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf1 = Buffer.from('ABC');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('414243', 'hex');
const buf3 = Buffer.from('ABCD');
console.log(buf1.equals(buf2));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf1.equals(buf3));
// Prints: false
A Buffer
or Uint8Array with which to compare buf
.
v0.11.13
Determines whether all the members of an array satisfy the specified test.
A function that accepts up to three arguments. The every method calls the predicate function for each element in the array until the predicate returns a value which is coercible to the Boolean value false, or until the end of the array.
Optional
thisArg: anyAn object to which the this keyword can refer in the predicate function. If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.
Fills buf
with the specified value
. If the offset
and end
are not given,
the entire buf
will be filled:
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
// Fill a `Buffer` with the ASCII character 'h'.
const b = Buffer.allocUnsafe(50).fill('h');
console.log(b.toString());
// Prints: hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
// Fill a buffer with empty string
const c = Buffer.allocUnsafe(5).fill('');
console.log(c.fill(''));
// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00>
value
is coerced to a uint32
value if it is not a string, Buffer
, or
integer. If the resulting integer is greater than 255
(decimal), buf
will be
filled with value & 255
.
If the final write of a fill()
operation falls on a multi-byte character,
then only the bytes of that character that fit into buf
are written:
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
// Fill a `Buffer` with character that takes up two bytes in UTF-8.
console.log(Buffer.allocUnsafe(5).fill('\u0222'));
// Prints: <Buffer c8 a2 c8 a2 c8>
If value
contains invalid characters, it is truncated; if no valid
fill data remains, an exception is thrown:
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(5);
console.log(buf.fill('a'));
// Prints: <Buffer 61 61 61 61 61>
console.log(buf.fill('aazz', 'hex'));
// Prints: <Buffer aa aa aa aa aa>
console.log(buf.fill('zz', 'hex'));
// Throws an exception.
The value with which to fill buf
. Empty value (string, Uint8Array, Buffer) is coerced to 0
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to fill buf
.
Optional
end: numberWhere to stop filling buf
(not inclusive).
Optional
encoding: BufferEncodingThe encoding for value
if value
is a string.
A reference to buf
.
v0.5.0
Returns the elements of an array that meet the condition specified in a callback function.
A function that accepts up to three arguments. The filter method calls the predicate function one time for each element in the array.
Optional
thisArg: anyAn object to which the this keyword can refer in the predicate function. If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.
Returns the value of the first element in the array where predicate is true, and undefined otherwise.
find calls predicate once for each element of the array, in ascending order, until it finds one where predicate returns true. If such an element is found, find immediately returns that element value. Otherwise, find returns undefined.
Optional
thisArg: anyIf provided, it will be used as the this value for each invocation of predicate. If it is not provided, undefined is used instead.
Returns the index of the first element in the array where predicate is true, and -1 otherwise.
find calls predicate once for each element of the array, in ascending order, until it finds one where predicate returns true. If such an element is found, findIndex immediately returns that element index. Otherwise, findIndex returns -1.
Optional
thisArg: anyIf provided, it will be used as the this value for each invocation of predicate. If it is not provided, undefined is used instead.
Returns the value of the last element in the array where predicate is true, and undefined otherwise.
findLast calls predicate once for each element of the array, in descending order, until it finds one where predicate returns true. If such an element is found, findLast immediately returns that element value. Otherwise, findLast returns undefined.
Optional
thisArg: anyIf provided, it will be used as the this value for each invocation of predicate. If it is not provided, undefined is used instead.
Optional
thisArg: anyReturns the index of the last element in the array where predicate is true, and -1 otherwise.
findLastIndex calls predicate once for each element of the array, in descending order, until it finds one where predicate returns true. If such an element is found, findLastIndex immediately returns that element index. Otherwise, findLastIndex returns -1.
Optional
thisArg: anyIf provided, it will be used as the this value for each invocation of predicate. If it is not provided, undefined is used instead.
Performs the specified action for each element in an array.
A function that accepts up to three arguments. forEach calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.
Optional
thisArg: anyAn object to which the this keyword can refer in the callbackfn function. If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.
Equivalent to buf.indexOf() !== -1
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from('this is a buffer');
console.log(buf.includes('this'));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes('is'));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes(Buffer.from('a buffer')));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes(97));
// Prints: true (97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a')
console.log(buf.includes(Buffer.from('a buffer example')));
// Prints: false
console.log(buf.includes(Buffer.from('a buffer example').slice(0, 8)));
// Prints: true
console.log(buf.includes('this', 4));
// Prints: false
What to search for.
Optional
byteOffset: numberWhere to begin searching in buf
. If negative, then offset is calculated from the end of buf
.
Optional
encoding: BufferEncodingIf value
is a string, this is its encoding.
true
if value
was found in buf
, false
otherwise.
v5.3.0
If value
is:
value
is interpreted according to the character encoding inencoding
.Buffer
or Uint8Array
, value
will be used in its entirety.
To compare a partial Buffer
, use buf.subarray
.value
will be interpreted as an unsigned 8-bit integer
value between 0
and 255
.import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from('this is a buffer');
console.log(buf.indexOf('this'));
// Prints: 0
console.log(buf.indexOf('is'));
// Prints: 2
console.log(buf.indexOf(Buffer.from('a buffer')));
// Prints: 8
console.log(buf.indexOf(97));
// Prints: 8 (97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a')
console.log(buf.indexOf(Buffer.from('a buffer example')));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.indexOf(Buffer.from('a buffer example').slice(0, 8)));
// Prints: 8
const utf16Buffer = Buffer.from('\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a3\u0395', 'utf16le');
console.log(utf16Buffer.indexOf('\u03a3', 0, 'utf16le'));
// Prints: 4
console.log(utf16Buffer.indexOf('\u03a3', -4, 'utf16le'));
// Prints: 6
If value
is not a string, number, or Buffer
, this method will throw aTypeError
. If value
is a number, it will be coerced to a valid byte value,
an integer between 0 and 255.
If byteOffset
is not a number, it will be coerced to a number. If the result
of coercion is NaN
or 0
, then the entire buffer will be searched. This
behavior matches String.prototype.indexOf()
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const b = Buffer.from('abcdef');
// Passing a value that's a number, but not a valid byte.
// Prints: 2, equivalent to searching for 99 or 'c'.
console.log(b.indexOf(99.9));
console.log(b.indexOf(256 + 99));
// Passing a byteOffset that coerces to NaN or 0.
// Prints: 1, searching the whole buffer.
console.log(b.indexOf('b', undefined));
console.log(b.indexOf('b', {}));
console.log(b.indexOf('b', null));
console.log(b.indexOf('b', []));
If value
is an empty string or empty Buffer
and byteOffset
is less
than buf.length
, byteOffset
will be returned. If value
is empty andbyteOffset
is at least buf.length
, buf.length
will be returned.
What to search for.
Optional
byteOffset: numberWhere to begin searching in buf
. If negative, then offset is calculated from the end of buf
.
Optional
encoding: BufferEncodingIf value
is a string, this is the encoding used to determine the binary representation of the string that will be searched for in buf
.
The index of the first occurrence of value
in buf
, or -1
if buf
does not contain value
.
v1.5.0
Adds all the elements of an array separated by the specified separator string.
Optional
separator: stringA string used to separate one element of an array from the next in the resulting String. If omitted, the array elements are separated with a comma.
Creates and returns an iterator of buf
keys (indices).
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');
for (const key of buf.keys()) {
console.log(key);
}
// Prints:
// 0
// 1
// 2
// 3
// 4
// 5
v1.1.0
Identical to buf.indexOf()
, except the last occurrence of value
is found
rather than the first occurrence.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from('this buffer is a buffer');
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('this'));
// Prints: 0
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('buffer'));
// Prints: 17
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf(Buffer.from('buffer')));
// Prints: 17
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf(97));
// Prints: 15 (97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a')
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf(Buffer.from('yolo')));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('buffer', 5));
// Prints: 5
console.log(buf.lastIndexOf('buffer', 4));
// Prints: -1
const utf16Buffer = Buffer.from('\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a3\u0395', 'utf16le');
console.log(utf16Buffer.lastIndexOf('\u03a3', undefined, 'utf16le'));
// Prints: 6
console.log(utf16Buffer.lastIndexOf('\u03a3', -5, 'utf16le'));
// Prints: 4
If value
is not a string, number, or Buffer
, this method will throw aTypeError
. If value
is a number, it will be coerced to a valid byte value,
an integer between 0 and 255.
If byteOffset
is not a number, it will be coerced to a number. Any arguments
that coerce to NaN
, like {}
or undefined
, will search the whole buffer.
This behavior matches String.prototype.lastIndexOf()
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const b = Buffer.from('abcdef');
// Passing a value that's a number, but not a valid byte.
// Prints: 2, equivalent to searching for 99 or 'c'.
console.log(b.lastIndexOf(99.9));
console.log(b.lastIndexOf(256 + 99));
// Passing a byteOffset that coerces to NaN.
// Prints: 1, searching the whole buffer.
console.log(b.lastIndexOf('b', undefined));
console.log(b.lastIndexOf('b', {}));
// Passing a byteOffset that coerces to 0.
// Prints: -1, equivalent to passing 0.
console.log(b.lastIndexOf('b', null));
console.log(b.lastIndexOf('b', []));
If value
is an empty string or empty Buffer
, byteOffset
will be returned.
What to search for.
Optional
byteOffset: numberOptional
encoding: BufferEncodingIf value
is a string, this is the encoding used to determine the binary representation of the string that will be searched for in buf
.
The index of the last occurrence of value
in buf
, or -1
if buf
does not contain value
.
v6.0.0
Calls a defined callback function on each element of an array, and returns an array that contains the results.
A function that accepts up to three arguments. The map method calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.
Optional
thisArg: anyAn object to which the this keyword can refer in the callbackfn function. If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.
Reads a signed, big-endian 64-bit integer from buf
at the specified offset
.
Integers read from a Buffer
are interpreted as two's complement signed
values.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
.
v12.0.0, v10.20.0
Reads a signed, little-endian 64-bit integer from buf
at the specifiedoffset
.
Integers read from a Buffer
are interpreted as two's complement signed
values.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
.
v12.0.0, v10.20.0
Reads an unsigned, big-endian 64-bit integer from buf
at the specifiedoffset
.
This function is also available under the readBigUint64BE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff]);
console.log(buf.readBigUInt64BE(0));
// Prints: 4294967295n
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
.
v12.0.0, v10.20.0
Reads an unsigned, little-endian 64-bit integer from buf
at the specifiedoffset
.
This function is also available under the readBigUint64LE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff]);
console.log(buf.readBigUInt64LE(0));
// Prints: 18446744069414584320n
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
.
v12.0.0, v10.20.0
Reads a 64-bit, big-endian double from buf
at the specified offset
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
console.log(buf.readDoubleBE(0));
// Prints: 8.20788039913184e-304
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
.
v0.11.15
Reads a 64-bit, little-endian double from buf
at the specified offset
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
console.log(buf.readDoubleLE(0));
// Prints: 5.447603722011605e-270
console.log(buf.readDoubleLE(1));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
.
v0.11.15
Reads a 32-bit, big-endian float from buf
at the specified offset
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4]);
console.log(buf.readFloatBE(0));
// Prints: 2.387939260590663e-38
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
.
v0.11.15
Reads a 32-bit, little-endian float from buf
at the specified offset
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4]);
console.log(buf.readFloatLE(0));
// Prints: 1.539989614439558e-36
console.log(buf.readFloatLE(1));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
.
v0.11.15
Reads a signed, big-endian 16-bit integer from buf
at the specified offset
.
Integers read from a Buffer
are interpreted as two's complement signed values.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0, 5]);
console.log(buf.readInt16BE(0));
// Prints: 5
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2
.
v0.5.5
Reads a signed, little-endian 16-bit integer from buf
at the specifiedoffset
.
Integers read from a Buffer
are interpreted as two's complement signed values.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0, 5]);
console.log(buf.readInt16LE(0));
// Prints: 1280
console.log(buf.readInt16LE(1));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2
.
v0.5.5
Reads a signed, big-endian 32-bit integer from buf
at the specified offset
.
Integers read from a Buffer
are interpreted as two's complement signed values.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0, 0, 0, 5]);
console.log(buf.readInt32BE(0));
// Prints: 5
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
.
v0.5.5
Reads a signed, little-endian 32-bit integer from buf
at the specifiedoffset
.
Integers read from a Buffer
are interpreted as two's complement signed values.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0, 0, 0, 5]);
console.log(buf.readInt32LE(0));
// Prints: 83886080
console.log(buf.readInt32LE(1));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
.
v0.5.5
Reads a signed 8-bit integer from buf
at the specified offset
.
Integers read from a Buffer
are interpreted as two's complement signed values.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([-1, 5]);
console.log(buf.readInt8(0));
// Prints: -1
console.log(buf.readInt8(1));
// Prints: 5
console.log(buf.readInt8(2));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 1
.
v0.5.0
Reads byteLength
number of bytes from buf
at the specified offset
and interprets the result as a big-endian, two's complement signed value
supporting up to 48 bits of accuracy.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);
console.log(buf.readIntBE(0, 6).toString(16));
// Prints: 1234567890ab
console.log(buf.readIntBE(1, 6).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
console.log(buf.readIntBE(1, 0).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength
.
Number of bytes to read. Must satisfy 0 < byteLength <= 6
.
v0.11.15
Reads byteLength
number of bytes from buf
at the specified offset
and interprets the result as a little-endian, two's complement signed value
supporting up to 48 bits of accuracy.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);
console.log(buf.readIntLE(0, 6).toString(16));
// Prints: -546f87a9cbee
Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength
.
Number of bytes to read. Must satisfy 0 < byteLength <= 6
.
v0.11.15
Reads an unsigned, big-endian 16-bit integer from buf
at the specifiedoffset
.
This function is also available under the readUint16BE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56]);
console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(0).toString(16));
// Prints: 1234
console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(1).toString(16));
// Prints: 3456
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2
.
v0.5.5
Reads an unsigned, little-endian 16-bit integer from buf
at the specifiedoffset
.
This function is also available under the readUint16LE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56]);
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(0).toString(16));
// Prints: 3412
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(1).toString(16));
// Prints: 5634
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(2).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2
.
v0.5.5
Reads an unsigned, big-endian 32-bit integer from buf
at the specifiedoffset
.
This function is also available under the readUint32BE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]);
console.log(buf.readUInt32BE(0).toString(16));
// Prints: 12345678
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
.
v0.5.5
Reads an unsigned, little-endian 32-bit integer from buf
at the specifiedoffset
.
This function is also available under the readUint32LE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]);
console.log(buf.readUInt32LE(0).toString(16));
// Prints: 78563412
console.log(buf.readUInt32LE(1).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
.
v0.5.5
Reads an unsigned 8-bit integer from buf
at the specified offset
.
This function is also available under the readUint8
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([1, -2]);
console.log(buf.readUInt8(0));
// Prints: 1
console.log(buf.readUInt8(1));
// Prints: 254
console.log(buf.readUInt8(2));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 1
.
v0.5.0
Reads byteLength
number of bytes from buf
at the specified offset
and interprets the result as an unsigned big-endian integer supporting
up to 48 bits of accuracy.
This function is also available under the readUintBE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);
console.log(buf.readUIntBE(0, 6).toString(16));
// Prints: 1234567890ab
console.log(buf.readUIntBE(1, 6).toString(16));
// Throws ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE.
Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength
.
Number of bytes to read. Must satisfy 0 < byteLength <= 6
.
v0.11.15
Reads byteLength
number of bytes from buf
at the specified offset
and interprets the result as an unsigned, little-endian integer supporting
up to 48 bits of accuracy.
This function is also available under the readUintLE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x90, 0xab]);
console.log(buf.readUIntLE(0, 6).toString(16));
// Prints: ab9078563412
Number of bytes to skip before starting to read. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength
.
Number of bytes to read. Must satisfy 0 < byteLength <= 6
.
v0.11.15
Calls the specified callback function for all the elements in an array. The return value of the callback function is the accumulated result, and is provided as an argument in the next call to the callback function.
A function that accepts up to four arguments. The reduce method calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.
Calls the specified callback function for all the elements in an array. The return value of the callback function is the accumulated result, and is provided as an argument in the next call to the callback function.
A function that accepts up to four arguments. The reduce method calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.
If initialValue is specified, it is used as the initial value to start the accumulation. The first call to the callbackfn function provides this value as an argument instead of an array value.
Calls the specified callback function for all the elements in an array, in descending order. The return value of the callback function is the accumulated result, and is provided as an argument in the next call to the callback function.
A function that accepts up to four arguments. The reduceRight method calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.
Calls the specified callback function for all the elements in an array, in descending order. The return value of the callback function is the accumulated result, and is provided as an argument in the next call to the callback function.
A function that accepts up to four arguments. The reduceRight method calls the callbackfn function one time for each element in the array.
If initialValue is specified, it is used as the initial value to start the accumulation. The first call to the callbackfn function provides this value as an argument instead of an array value.
Returns a new Buffer
that references the same memory as the original, but
offset and cropped by the start
and end
indices.
This method is not compatible with the Uint8Array.prototype.slice()
,
which is a superclass of Buffer
. To copy the slice, useUint8Array.prototype.slice()
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');
const copiedBuf = Uint8Array.prototype.slice.call(buf);
copiedBuf[0]++;
console.log(copiedBuf.toString());
// Prints: cuffer
console.log(buf.toString());
// Prints: buffer
// With buf.slice(), the original buffer is modified.
const notReallyCopiedBuf = buf.slice();
notReallyCopiedBuf[0]++;
console.log(notReallyCopiedBuf.toString());
// Prints: cuffer
console.log(buf.toString());
// Also prints: cuffer (!)
Optional
start: numberWhere the new Buffer
will start.
Optional
end: numberWhere the new Buffer
will end (not inclusive).
v0.3.0
Use subarray
instead.
Determines whether the specified callback function returns true for any element of an array.
A function that accepts up to three arguments. The some method calls the predicate function for each element in the array until the predicate returns a value which is coercible to the Boolean value true, or until the end of the array.
Optional
thisArg: anyAn object to which the this keyword can refer in the predicate function. If thisArg is omitted, undefined is used as the this value.
Sorts an array.
Optional
compareFn: ((a, b) => number)Function used to determine the order of the elements. It is expected to return a negative value if first argument is less than second argument, zero if they're equal and a positive value otherwise. If omitted, the elements are sorted in ascending order.
[11,2,22,1].sort((a, b) => a - b)
Returns a new Buffer
that references the same memory as the original, but
offset and cropped by the start
and end
indices.
Specifying end
greater than buf.length
will return the same result as
that of end
equal to buf.length
.
This method is inherited from TypedArray.prototype.subarray()
.
Modifying the new Buffer
slice will modify the memory in the original Buffer
because the allocated memory of the two objects overlap.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
// Create a `Buffer` with the ASCII alphabet, take a slice, and modify one byte
// from the original `Buffer`.
const buf1 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);
for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
// 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'.
buf1[i] = i + 97;
}
const buf2 = buf1.subarray(0, 3);
console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));
// Prints: abc
buf1[0] = 33;
console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));
// Prints: !bc
Specifying negative indexes causes the slice to be generated relative to the
end of buf
rather than the beginning.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');
console.log(buf.subarray(-6, -1).toString());
// Prints: buffe
// (Equivalent to buf.subarray(0, 5).)
console.log(buf.subarray(-6, -2).toString());
// Prints: buff
// (Equivalent to buf.subarray(0, 4).)
console.log(buf.subarray(-5, -2).toString());
// Prints: uff
// (Equivalent to buf.subarray(1, 4).)
Optional
start: numberWhere the new Buffer
will start.
Optional
end: numberWhere the new Buffer
will end (not inclusive).
v3.0.0
Interprets buf
as an array of unsigned 16-bit integers and swaps the
byte order in-place. Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE
if buf.length
is not a multiple of 2.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf1 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]);
console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>
buf1.swap16();
console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 02 01 04 03 06 05 08 07>
const buf2 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3]);
buf2.swap16();
// Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE.
One convenient use of buf.swap16()
is to perform a fast in-place conversion
between UTF-16 little-endian and UTF-16 big-endian:
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from('This is little-endian UTF-16', 'utf16le');
buf.swap16(); // Convert to big-endian UTF-16 text.
A reference to buf
.
v5.10.0
Interprets buf
as an array of unsigned 32-bit integers and swaps the
byte order in-place. Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE
if buf.length
is not a multiple of 4.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf1 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]);
console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>
buf1.swap32();
console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 04 03 02 01 08 07 06 05>
const buf2 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3]);
buf2.swap32();
// Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE.
A reference to buf
.
v5.10.0
Interprets buf
as an array of 64-bit numbers and swaps byte order in-place.
Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE
if buf.length
is not a multiple of 8.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf1 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7, 0x8]);
console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>
buf1.swap64();
console.log(buf1);
// Prints: <Buffer 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01>
const buf2 = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3]);
buf2.swap64();
// Throws ERR_INVALID_BUFFER_SIZE.
A reference to buf
.
v6.3.0
Returns a JSON representation of buf
. JSON.stringify()
implicitly calls
this function when stringifying a Buffer
instance.
Buffer.from()
accepts objects in the format returned from this method.
In particular, Buffer.from(buf.toJSON())
works like Buffer.from(buf)
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from([0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5]);
const json = JSON.stringify(buf);
console.log(json);
// Prints: {"type":"Buffer","data":[1,2,3,4,5]}
const copy = JSON.parse(json, (key, value) => {
return value && value.type === 'Buffer' ?
Buffer.from(value) :
value;
});
console.log(copy);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05>
v0.9.2
Decodes buf
to a string according to the specified character encoding inencoding
. start
and end
may be passed to decode only a subset of buf
.
If encoding
is 'utf8'
and a byte sequence in the input is not valid UTF-8,
then each invalid byte is replaced with the replacement character U+FFFD
.
The maximum length of a string instance (in UTF-16 code units) is available as constants.MAX_STRING_LENGTH.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf1 = Buffer.allocUnsafe(26);
for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
// 97 is the decimal ASCII value for 'a'.
buf1[i] = i + 97;
}
console.log(buf1.toString('utf8'));
// Prints: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
console.log(buf1.toString('utf8', 0, 5));
// Prints: abcde
const buf2 = Buffer.from('tést');
console.log(buf2.toString('hex'));
// Prints: 74c3a97374
console.log(buf2.toString('utf8', 0, 3));
// Prints: té
console.log(buf2.toString(undefined, 0, 3));
// Prints: té
Optional
encoding: BufferEncodingThe character encoding to use.
Optional
start: numberThe byte offset to start decoding at.
Optional
end: numberThe byte offset to stop decoding at (not inclusive).
v0.1.90
Creates and returns an iterator for buf
values (bytes). This function is
called automatically when a Buffer
is used in a for..of
statement.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.from('buffer');
for (const value of buf.values()) {
console.log(value);
}
// Prints:
// 98
// 117
// 102
// 102
// 101
// 114
for (const value of buf) {
console.log(value);
}
// Prints:
// 98
// 117
// 102
// 102
// 101
// 114
v1.1.0
Writes string
to buf
at offset
according to the character encoding inencoding
. The length
parameter is the number of bytes to write. If buf
did
not contain enough space to fit the entire string, only part of string
will be
written. However, partially encoded characters will not be written.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.alloc(256);
const len = buf.write('\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be', 0);
console.log(`${len} bytes: ${buf.toString('utf8', 0, len)}`);
// Prints: 12 bytes: ½ + ¼ = ¾
const buffer = Buffer.alloc(10);
const length = buffer.write('abcd', 8);
console.log(`${length} bytes: ${buffer.toString('utf8', 8, 10)}`);
// Prints: 2 bytes : ab
String to write to buf
.
Optional
encoding: BufferEncodingThe character encoding of string
.
Number of bytes written.
v0.1.90
Optional
encoding: BufferEncodingOptional
encoding: BufferEncodingWrites value
to buf
at the specified offset
as big-endian.
value
is interpreted and written as a two's complement signed integer.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);
buf.writeBigInt64BE(0x0102030405060708n, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v12.0.0, v10.20.0
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as little-endian.
value
is interpreted and written as a two's complement signed integer.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);
buf.writeBigInt64LE(0x0102030405060708n, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v12.0.0, v10.20.0
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as big-endian.
This function is also available under the writeBigUint64BE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);
buf.writeBigUInt64BE(0xdecafafecacefaden, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer de ca fa fe ca ce fa de>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v12.0.0, v10.20.0
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as little-endian
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);
buf.writeBigUInt64LE(0xdecafafecacefaden, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer de fa ce ca fe fa ca de>
This function is also available under the writeBigUint64LE
alias.
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy: 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v12.0.0, v10.20.0
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as big-endian. The value
must be a JavaScript number. Behavior is undefined when value
is anything
other than a JavaScript number.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);
buf.writeDoubleBE(123.456, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 40 5e dd 2f 1a 9f be 77>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.11.15
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as little-endian. The value
must be a JavaScript number. Behavior is undefined when value
is anything
other than a JavaScript number.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(8);
buf.writeDoubleLE(123.456, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 77 be 9f 1a 2f dd 5e 40>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 8
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.11.15
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as big-endian. Behavior is
undefined when value
is anything other than a JavaScript number.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);
buf.writeFloatBE(0xcafebabe, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 4f 4a fe bb>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.11.15
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as little-endian. Behavior is
undefined when value
is anything other than a JavaScript number.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);
buf.writeFloatLE(0xcafebabe, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer bb fe 4a 4f>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.11.15
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as big-endian. The value
must be a valid signed 16-bit integer. Behavior is undefined when value
is
anything other than a signed 16-bit integer.
The value
is interpreted and written as a two's complement signed integer.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(2);
buf.writeInt16BE(0x0102, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.5.5
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as little-endian. The value
must be a valid signed 16-bit integer. Behavior is undefined when value
is
anything other than a signed 16-bit integer.
The value
is interpreted and written as a two's complement signed integer.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(2);
buf.writeInt16LE(0x0304, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 04 03>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.5.5
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as big-endian. The value
must be a valid signed 32-bit integer. Behavior is undefined when value
is
anything other than a signed 32-bit integer.
The value
is interpreted and written as a two's complement signed integer.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);
buf.writeInt32BE(0x01020304, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 01 02 03 04>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.5.5
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as little-endian. The value
must be a valid signed 32-bit integer. Behavior is undefined when value
is
anything other than a signed 32-bit integer.
The value
is interpreted and written as a two's complement signed integer.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);
buf.writeInt32LE(0x05060708, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 08 07 06 05>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.5.5
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
. value
must be a valid
signed 8-bit integer. Behavior is undefined when value
is anything other than
a signed 8-bit integer.
value
is interpreted and written as a two's complement signed integer.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(2);
buf.writeInt8(2, 0);
buf.writeInt8(-2, 1);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 02 fe>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 1
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.5.0
Writes byteLength
bytes of value
to buf
at the specified offset
as big-endian. Supports up to 48 bits of accuracy. Behavior is undefined whenvalue
is anything other than a
signed integer.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(6);
buf.writeIntBE(0x1234567890ab, 0, 6);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 12 34 56 78 90 ab>
Number to be written to buf
.
Number of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength
.
Number of bytes to write. Must satisfy 0 < byteLength <= 6
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.11.15
Writes byteLength
bytes of value
to buf
at the specified offset
as little-endian. Supports up to 48 bits of accuracy. Behavior is undefined
when value
is anything other than a signed integer.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(6);
buf.writeIntLE(0x1234567890ab, 0, 6);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer ab 90 78 56 34 12>
Number to be written to buf
.
Number of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength
.
Number of bytes to write. Must satisfy 0 < byteLength <= 6
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.11.15
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as big-endian. The value
must be a valid unsigned 16-bit integer. Behavior is undefined when value
is anything other than an
unsigned 16-bit integer.
This function is also available under the writeUint16BE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);
buf.writeUInt16BE(0xdead, 0);
buf.writeUInt16BE(0xbeef, 2);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer de ad be ef>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.5.5
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as little-endian. The value
must be a valid unsigned 16-bit integer. Behavior is undefined when value
is
anything other than an unsigned 16-bit integer.
This function is also available under the writeUint16LE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);
buf.writeUInt16LE(0xdead, 0);
buf.writeUInt16LE(0xbeef, 2);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer ad de ef be>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 2
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.5.5
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as big-endian. The value
must be a valid unsigned 32-bit integer. Behavior is undefined when value
is anything other than an
unsigned 32-bit integer.
This function is also available under the writeUint32BE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);
buf.writeUInt32BE(0xfeedface, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer fe ed fa ce>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.5.5
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
as little-endian. The value
must be a valid unsigned 32-bit integer. Behavior is undefined when value
is
anything other than an unsigned 32-bit integer.
This function is also available under the writeUint32LE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);
buf.writeUInt32LE(0xfeedface, 0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer ce fa ed fe>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 4
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.5.5
Writes value
to buf
at the specified offset
. value
must be a
valid unsigned 8-bit integer. Behavior is undefined when value
is anything
other than an unsigned 8-bit integer.
This function is also available under the writeUint8
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(4);
buf.writeUInt8(0x3, 0);
buf.writeUInt8(0x4, 1);
buf.writeUInt8(0x23, 2);
buf.writeUInt8(0x42, 3);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 03 04 23 42>
Number to be written to buf
.
Optional
offset: numberNumber of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - 1
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.5.0
Writes byteLength
bytes of value
to buf
at the specified offset
as big-endian. Supports up to 48 bits of accuracy. Behavior is undefined
when value
is anything other than an unsigned integer.
This function is also available under the writeUintBE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(6);
buf.writeUIntBE(0x1234567890ab, 0, 6);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 12 34 56 78 90 ab>
Number to be written to buf
.
Number of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength
.
Number of bytes to write. Must satisfy 0 < byteLength <= 6
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.5.5
Writes byteLength
bytes of value
to buf
at the specified offset
as little-endian. Supports up to 48 bits of accuracy. Behavior is undefined
when value
is anything other than an unsigned integer.
This function is also available under the writeUintLE
alias.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(6);
buf.writeUIntLE(0x1234567890ab, 0, 6);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer ab 90 78 56 34 12>
Number to be written to buf
.
Number of bytes to skip before starting to write. Must satisfy 0 <= offset <= buf.length - byteLength
.
Number of bytes to write. Must satisfy 0 < byteLength <= 6
.
offset
plus the number of bytes written.
v0.5.5
Static
allocAllocates a new Buffer
of size
bytes. If fill
is undefined
, theBuffer
will be zero-filled.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.alloc(5);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00>
If size
is larger than constants.MAX_LENGTH or smaller than 0, ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE
is thrown.
If fill
is specified, the allocated Buffer
will be initialized by calling buf.fill(fill)
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.alloc(5, 'a');
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 61 61 61 61 61>
If both fill
and encoding
are specified, the allocated Buffer
will be
initialized by calling buf.fill(fill, encoding)
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.alloc(11, 'aGVsbG8gd29ybGQ=', 'base64');
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64>
Calling Buffer.alloc()
can be measurably slower than the alternative Buffer.allocUnsafe()
but ensures that the newly created Buffer
instance
contents will never contain sensitive data from previous allocations, including
data that might not have been allocated for Buffer
s.
A TypeError
will be thrown if size
is not a number.
The desired length of the new Buffer
.
Optional
fill: string | number | Uint8ArrayA value to pre-fill the new Buffer
with.
Optional
encoding: BufferEncodingIf fill
is a string, this is its encoding.
v5.10.0
Static
allocAllocates a new Buffer
of size
bytes. If size
is larger than constants.MAX_LENGTH or smaller than 0, ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE
is thrown.
The underlying memory for Buffer
instances created in this way is not
initialized. The contents of the newly created Buffer
are unknown and may contain sensitive data. Use Buffer.alloc()
instead to initializeBuffer
instances with zeroes.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf = Buffer.allocUnsafe(10);
console.log(buf);
// Prints (contents may vary): <Buffer a0 8b 28 3f 01 00 00 00 50 32>
buf.fill(0);
console.log(buf);
// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00>
A TypeError
will be thrown if size
is not a number.
The Buffer
module pre-allocates an internal Buffer
instance of
size Buffer.poolSize
that is used as a pool for the fast allocation of newBuffer
instances created using Buffer.allocUnsafe()
, Buffer.from(array)
,
and Buffer.concat()
only when size
is less than or equal toBuffer.poolSize >> 1
(floor of Buffer.poolSize
divided by two).
Use of this pre-allocated internal memory pool is a key difference between
calling Buffer.alloc(size, fill)
vs. Buffer.allocUnsafe(size).fill(fill)
.
Specifically, Buffer.alloc(size, fill)
will never use the internal Buffer
pool, while Buffer.allocUnsafe(size).fill(fill)
will use the internalBuffer
pool if size
is less
than or equal to half Buffer.poolSize
. The
difference is subtle but can be important when an application requires the
additional performance that Buffer.allocUnsafe()
provides.
The desired length of the new Buffer
.
v5.10.0
Static
allocAllocates a new Buffer
of size
bytes. If size
is larger than constants.MAX_LENGTH or smaller than 0, ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE
is thrown. A zero-length Buffer
is created if
size
is 0.
The underlying memory for Buffer
instances created in this way is not
initialized. The contents of the newly created Buffer
are unknown and may contain sensitive data. Use buf.fill(0)
to initialize
such Buffer
instances with zeroes.
When using Buffer.allocUnsafe()
to allocate new Buffer
instances,
allocations under 4 KiB are sliced from a single pre-allocated Buffer
. This
allows applications to avoid the garbage collection overhead of creating many
individually allocated Buffer
instances. This approach improves both
performance and memory usage by eliminating the need to track and clean up as
many individual ArrayBuffer
objects.
However, in the case where a developer may need to retain a small chunk of
memory from a pool for an indeterminate amount of time, it may be appropriate
to create an un-pooled Buffer
instance using Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow()
and
then copying out the relevant bits.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
// Need to keep around a few small chunks of memory.
const store = [];
socket.on('readable', () => {
let data;
while (null !== (data = readable.read())) {
// Allocate for retained data.
const sb = Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow(10);
// Copy the data into the new allocation.
data.copy(sb, 0, 0, 10);
store.push(sb);
}
});
A TypeError
will be thrown if size
is not a number.
The desired length of the new Buffer
.
v5.12.0
Static
byteReturns the byte length of a string when encoded using encoding
.
This is not the same as String.prototype.length
, which does not account
for the encoding that is used to convert the string into bytes.
For 'base64'
, 'base64url'
, and 'hex'
, this function assumes valid input.
For strings that contain non-base64/hex-encoded data (e.g. whitespace), the
return value might be greater than the length of a Buffer
created from the
string.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const str = '\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be';
console.log(`${str}: ${str.length} characters, ` +
`${Buffer.byteLength(str, 'utf8')} bytes`);
// Prints: ½ + ¼ = ¾: 9 characters, 12 bytes
When string
is a
Buffer
/DataView
/[TypedArray
](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/-
Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray)/ArrayBuffer
/[SharedArrayBuffer
](https://develop-
er.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/SharedArrayBuffer), the byte length as reported by .byteLength
is returned.
A value to calculate the length of.
Optional
encoding: BufferEncodingIf string
is a string, this is its encoding.
The number of bytes contained within string
.
v0.1.90
Static
compareCompares buf1
to buf2
, typically for the purpose of sorting arrays ofBuffer
instances. This is equivalent to calling buf1.compare(buf2)
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
const buf1 = Buffer.from('1234');
const buf2 = Buffer.from('0123');
const arr = [buf1, buf2];
console.log(arr.sort(Buffer.compare));
// Prints: [ <Buffer 30 31 32 33>, <Buffer 31 32 33 34> ]
// (This result is equal to: [buf2, buf1].)
Either -1
, 0
, or 1
, depending on the result of the comparison. See compare
for details.
v0.11.13
Static
concatReturns a new Buffer
which is the result of concatenating all the Buffer
instances in the list
together.
If the list has no items, or if the totalLength
is 0, then a new zero-lengthBuffer
is returned.
If totalLength
is not provided, it is calculated from the Buffer
instances
in list
by adding their lengths.
If totalLength
is provided, it is coerced to an unsigned integer. If the
combined length of the Buffer
s in list
exceeds totalLength
, the result is
truncated to totalLength
.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
// Create a single `Buffer` from a list of three `Buffer` instances.
const buf1 = Buffer.alloc(10);
const buf2 = Buffer.alloc(14);
const buf3 = Buffer.alloc(18);
const totalLength = buf1.length + buf2.length + buf3.length;
console.log(totalLength);
// Prints: 42
const bufA = Buffer.concat([buf1, buf2, buf3], totalLength);
console.log(bufA);
// Prints: <Buffer 00 00 00 00 ...>
console.log(bufA.length);
// Prints: 42
Buffer.concat()
may also use the internal Buffer
pool like Buffer.allocUnsafe()
does.
List of Buffer
or Uint8Array instances to concatenate.
Optional
totalLength: numberTotal length of the Buffer
instances in list
when concatenated.
v0.7.11
Static
copyCopies the underlying memory of view
into a new Buffer
.
const u16 = new Uint16Array([0, 0xffff]);
const buf = Buffer.copyBytesFrom(u16, 1, 1);
u16[1] = 0;
console.log(buf.length); // 2
console.log(buf[0]); // 255
console.log(buf[1]); // 255
The {TypedArray} to copy.
Optional
offset: numberOptional
length: numberv19.8.0
Static
fromAllocates a new Buffer
using an array
of bytes in the range 0
– 255
.
Array entries outside that range will be truncated to fit into it.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
// Creates a new Buffer containing the UTF-8 bytes of the string 'buffer'.
const buf = Buffer.from([0x62, 0x75, 0x66, 0x66, 0x65, 0x72]);
If array
is an Array
-like object (that is, one with a length
property of
type number
), it is treated as if it is an array, unless it is a Buffer
or
a Uint8Array
. This means all other TypedArray
variants get treated as anArray
. To create a Buffer
from the bytes backing a TypedArray
, use Buffer.copyBytesFrom()
.
A TypeError
will be thrown if array
is not an Array
or another type
appropriate for Buffer.from()
variants.
Buffer.from(array)
and Buffer.from(string)
may also use the internalBuffer
pool like Buffer.allocUnsafe()
does.
Optional
byteOffset: numberOptional
length: numberv5.10.0
Creates a new Buffer using the passed {data}
data to create a new Buffer
Creates a new Buffer containing the given JavaScript string {str}. If provided, the {encoding} parameter identifies the character encoding. If not provided, {encoding} defaults to 'utf8'.
Optional
encoding: BufferEncodingStatic
isReturns true
if obj
is a Buffer
, false
otherwise.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
Buffer.isBuffer(Buffer.alloc(10)); // true
Buffer.isBuffer(Buffer.from('foo')); // true
Buffer.isBuffer('a string'); // false
Buffer.isBuffer([]); // false
Buffer.isBuffer(new Uint8Array(1024)); // false
v0.1.101
Static
isReturns true
if encoding
is the name of a supported character encoding,
or false
otherwise.
import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
console.log(Buffer.isEncoding('utf8'));
// Prints: true
console.log(Buffer.isEncoding('hex'));
// Prints: true
console.log(Buffer.isEncoding('utf/8'));
// Prints: false
console.log(Buffer.isEncoding(''));
// Prints: false
A character encoding name to check.
v0.9.1
Static
ofGenerated using TypeDoc
License
Copyright Cao Jiahang All Rights Reserved.
Use of this source code is governed by an MIT-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file at source root.